Adsorption mechanism of chromium(III) using biosorbents of Jatropha curcas L.

The removal of Cr3+ from water solutions by biosorbents from the rind, endosperm, and endosperm + episperm of the Jatropha curcas was evaluated. Adsorption tests were performed in batch systems for evaluating the influence of the solution's pH, adsorbent mass, contact time, initial Cr3+ concentrations, and solution temperature during the adsorption process. Kinetic, adsorption isotherm, and thermodynamic studies were performed to investigate the mechanisms that control adsorption. Ideal conditions for the adsorption process included pH of the solution of 5.5 and 8 g L-1 adsorbent mass, within 60 min time contact between adsorbent and adsorbate. Maximum adsorption capacities by Langmuir model for rind, endosperm, and endosperm + episperm of the J. curcas were, respectively, 22.11, 18.20, and 22.88 mg g-1, with the occurrence of chemosorption in mono and multilayers. Results show that the biosorbents obtained from J. curcas have a high potential to recuperate Cr3+ from contaminated water sources.

Studies of Pb2+ adsorption by Moringa oleifera Lam. seeds from an aqueous medium in a batch system.

The efficiency of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) seeds for removing lead ions (Pb(2+)) from water was evaluated. Parameters such as solution pH, adsorbent mass, contact time between solution and adsorbent, isotherms, thermodynamic, kinetics, and desorption were evaluated. The maximum adsorption capacity of the biosorbent was found to be 12.24 mg g(-1). In order to verify the effectiveness of this material, comparative studies were performed with activated carbon under the same optimal conditions for the construction of isotherms and the desorption process. Average desorption rate values led to the assumption that a strong interaction took place between the adsorbents and the metal ions. Thus, it has been concluded that the biosorbent studied herein can be considered very effective and feasible for remediating Pb(2+)-contaminated solutions, since this material is itself an untreated and low-cost byproduct.

Disponibilidade dos metais pesados tóxicos cádmio, chumbo e cromo no solo e tecido foliar da soja adubada com diferentes fontes de NPK+Zn / Availability of cadmium, lead and chromium toxic heavy metals in soil and soybean leaf tissue fertilized with different sources of NPK+Zn

Os fertilizantes utilizados para suprir micronutrientes podem apresentar metais pesados tóxicos em sua composição que podem proporcionar severas consequências ao meio ambiente. Plantas cultivadas na presença de determinadas concentrações de elementos tóxicos podem oferecer risco de contaminação, pois os acumulam em seus tecidos. Desse forma, neste trabalho objetivou-se avaliar a disponibilização dos metais pesados tóxicos Cd, Pb, e Cr para o solo e tecido foliar da cultura da soja, cultivada a campo e fertilizada com um formulado N:P2O5:K2O e diferentes fontes de Zn. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial [(5+1)x2], com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de cinco diferentes fertilizantes NPK+Zn (quatro fontes com Zn e uma sem Zn), um tratamento sem adubação e duas doses de adubação (uma vez e o seu dobro). Com base nos resultados obtidos foi concluído que a aplicação dos tratamentos disponibilizou Cd, Pb e Cr para as plantas de soja e para o solo do experimento nas duas doses de adubação utilizadas.

Fertilizers used to supply micronutrients may have toxic heavy metals in their composition, which can have severe consequences for the environment. Plants grown in the presence of certain concentrations of toxic elements may present a risk of contamination because the toxins accumulate in their tissues. This study aimed to measure the presence of the toxic heavy metals Cd, Pb and Cr in the soil and leaf tissue of field-grown soybean plants, fertilized with a formulated N:P2O5:K2O and different sources of Zn. The experimental design utilized randomized blocks in a factorial scheme [(5+1)x2], with three replications. The treatments consisted of five different fertilizers NPK + Zn (four sources with Zn and one without Zn), a treatment without fertilizer and two fertilizer levels (a single and double application). Based on obtained results it was concluded that the double application of the treatments released Cd, Pb and Cr into the soybean plants and experiment.

Produtividade e componentes de produção da soja adubada com diferentes doses de fósforo, potássio e zinco / Yield and production components of soybean fertilized with different doses of phosphorus, potassium and zinc

O correto incremento da produtividade agrícola deve estar aliado ao avanço tecnológico no conhecimento das exigências nutricionais de cada cultura, proporcionando, dessa forma, o correto uso de insumos na propriedade agrícola. Com o objetivo de estudar a resposta de plantas de soja ao zinco (Zn) em relação a diferentes doses de fósforo (P) e potássio (K), foi realizado este experimento no município de Palotina-PR. O solo foi classificado como Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo eutrófico. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial 3x3, constituindo três formas de adubação com P2O5 e K2O: sem adubação, uma vez e duas vezes a recomendação de adubação pela análise de solo e três doses de Zn (0; 2 e 4 kg ha-1). Como fonte de nutrientes, foram utilizados fosfato bicálcico para P, cloreto de potássio para K e sulfato de zinco para Zn. As doses de Zn aplicadas não influenciaram, significativamente, a produtividade, não sendo justificada a sua suplementação na forma de adubação de base. Já a adubação com P2O5 e K2O provocou significativo aumento da produtividade e aumento do número de legumes por planta, com aumento das doses desses nutrientes no solo.

The correct productivity increment must be allied to the technological advance in the knowledge of the nutritional requirements of each culture, thus allowing for the correct use of the inputs in the agricultural property. With the objective of studying the plants of soybean reply to zinc (Zn) in relation to the different doses of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), this experiment was performed in the municipality of Palotina-PR. The soil was classified as typic hapludalf. The treatments were arranged in a 3x3 factorial scheme, constituting three fertilization forms with P2O5 e K2O: without fertilization, recommended dose and twice the recommended fertilization dose by the soil analysis and three Zn doses (0; 2 and 4 kg ha-1). Nutrient sources used were bicalcic phosphate for P, potassium chloride for K and zinc sulphate for Zn. The applied Zn doses did not significantly influence productivity, so supplementing the base fertilization form is not justified. On other hand, fertilization with P2O5 e K2O resulted in a significant increase in productivity and an increase in the number of legumes per plant, with an increase of the doses of these nutrients in the soil.